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Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite)—(Ca,Ce,La,Y)2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH), monazite (Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4, bastnasite (Ce,La,Y)CO3F, hydroxylbastnasite (Ce,La,Nd)CO3(OH,F), rhabdophane (Ce,La,Nd)PO4·H2O, zircon (ZrSiO4), and synchysite Ca(Ce,La,Nd,Y)(CO3)2F. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite, allanite, and bastnasite will supply cerium, thorium, and other rare-earth metals for many years to come.

Cerium content in the soil varies between 2 and 150 parts per million (ppm), with an average of 50 ppm. Seawater contains 1.5 parts per trillion of cerium. There is almost no cerium in the atmosphere.